BHU BA (Hons.) AIHC & Archaeology Syllabus

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Returning Officer and His Duties & Responsibilities

Introduction - The Returning Officer has a pivotal role in election management. He/she is so called because he/she conducts the election in a constituency and returns elected candidate. A Returning Officer is responsible for overseeing the election in one constituency or sometimes in two, as directed by the Election Commission of India. 1.1.2 Under Section 21 and 22 of the R.P. Act, 1951, the Election Commission of India appoints the Returning Officer and Assistant Returning Officer for a constituency, in consultation with the State Governments and the Union Territories as the case may be.
Duties and Responsibilities - The duty of a Returning Officer is to efficiently conduct the election to the Assembly/ Parliamentary Constituency. This involves duties at various stages as follows:            a) to publish the notice regarding the election;
 b) to accept and scrutinize the nomination forms;
 c) to publish the affidavits of candidates
 d) to allot symbols to the contesting candidates;
 e) to prepare the list of contesting candidates;
 f) to print and dispatch postal ballot papers, to manage ETPBs;
 g) to print ballot papers with photograph of candidate for the EVM;
 h) to prepare the EVMs and VVPATs for the elections;
 i) to train polling personnel in all aspects, including use of EVMs with VVPATs;
 j) to depute Polling Officers to the polling booths with election materials;
 k) to supervise the functions of the Polling Officers in his/her AC/PC on Poll day;
 l) to ensure that the free and fair election;
 m) to designate the counting centres and get them approved by the Commission well in advance;
 n) to send notice to the candidates about the place, date and time of counting of votes;
 o) to appoint and train counting staff;
 p) to count the votes and declare the result. 1.3.2 Returning Officer will be given thorough training  regarding his/her various duties and responsibilities. Returning Officer must attend these trainings  and use the sessions for clarifying his/her doubts.

Abbreviations and Acronyms Related to Elections in India

AC               Assembly Constituency
AMF           Assured Minimum Facilities
ARO          Assistant Returning Officer
ASD.           AbsenteeShifted and DeadReRe
BAGs          Booth level Awareness Groups
BDO.           Block Development Officer
BEL               Bharat Electronics Limited
BLO.             Booth Level Officer
BU.               Balloting Unit
CAPF           Central Armed Police Force
CEO.              Chief Electoral Officer
CPF                 Central Police Force
CSV           Classified Service Voter
CU.                Control Unit
DEO           District Election Officer
ECI.                Election Commission of India
ECIL              Electronics Corporation of India Limited
EDC  Election Duty Certificate
EPIC.             Electors Photo Identity Card
ERO           Electoral Registration Officer
ESPs              Expenditure Sensitive Pockets
ETPB             Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot
EVM              Electronic Voting Machine
FLC                First Level Checking
FS.                  Flying Squad
MCC.               Model Code of Conduct
MCMC Media Certificate and Monitoring Committee
M2                    Model 2
M3                    Model 3
NOTA.              None of the Above
PB.                    Postal Ballot
PC                     Parliamentary Constituency
PER.                  Photo Electoral Roll
PPS.                  Pink Paper Seal
PS                      Polling Station
PV.                     Proxy Voter
PVS.                  Photo Voter Slip
RO  Returning Officer
SP                     Superintendent of Police
SST.                  Static Surveillance Team
SVEEP.             Systematic Voter Education and Electoral                                                                                 Participation
VAB.                  Voter Assistance Booth
VCB                    VVPAT Counting Booth
VFP                     Voter Facilitation Poster
VVPAT Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail
VSDU.                  VVPAT Status Display Unit

जिलाधिकारी के कार्य

जिलाधिकारी कार्यालय

जिला प्रशासन का मुख्य कार्य राजस्व प्रशासन, कानून व्यवस्था की समीक्षा, विकास कार्यों की समीक्षा एवं अन्य सरकारी कार्यालयों का नियंत्रण करना है । जिलाधिकारी जिले का मुखिया होता है । जनपद में प्रशासनिक कार्यों को सुचारू रूप से संचालित करने के लिए जिलाधिकारी की मदद हेतु कई वरिष्ठ अधिकारी होते हैं । जिनमें कानून व्यवस्था हेतु वरिष्ठ पुलिस अधीक्षक, विकास कार्यों हेतु मुख्य विकास अधिकारी, राजस्व प्रशासन हेतु अपर जिलाधिकारी, उपजिलाधिकारी तथा वन विभाग में प्रभागीय वनाधिकारी इत्यादि होते हैं ।

जिलाधिकारी के अन्य प्रमुख कार्यों में शस्त्र लाइसेंस जारी एवं रद्द करना, विभिन्न भूमि के अभिलेखों का लेखा जोखा रखना, स्टाम्प एवं रजिस्ट्रेशन कार्य, भूमि सम्बंधी अदालती कार्यों का निबटारा करना इत्यादि हैं । जिले के प्रमुख होने के कारण आम आदमी अपनी शिकायतें सर्वप्रथम जिलाधिकारी के पास ही रखता है, जोकि आम तौर पर जिले के ही कार्यालयों से सम्बंधित होती है । जिलाधिकारी कार्यालय में एक अनुभाग इन शिकायतों के अनुश्रवण एवं निस्तारण का कार्य करता है ।

जिलाधीश' और 'कलेक्टर' के रूप में जिले में राज्य सरकार का सर्वोच्च अधिकार संपन्न प्रतिनिधि या प्रथम लोक-सेवक होता है। जो मुख्य जिला विकास अधिकारी के रूप में सारे प्रमुख सरकारी विभागों- पंचायत एवं ग्रामीण विकास, चिकित्सा एवं स्वास्थ्य, आयुर्वेद, अल्पसंख्यक कल्याण, कृषि, भू-संरक्षण, शिक्षा, महिला अधिकारता, ऊर्जा, उद्योग, श्रम कल्याण, खनन, खेलकूद, पशुपालन, सहकारिता, परिवहन एवं यातायात, समाज कल्याण, सिंचाई, सार्वजनिक निर्माण विभाग, स्थानीय प्रशासन आदि के सारे कार्यक्रमों और नीतियों का प्रभावी क्रियान्वयन करवाने के लिए अपने जिले के लिए अकेले उत्तरदायी होता है।

वह जिला मजिस्ट्रेट के रूप में पुलिस अधीक्षक के साथ प्रमुखतः जिले की संपूर्ण कानून-व्यवस्था का प्रभारी होता है और सभी तरह के चुनावों का मुख्य प्रबंधक भी। साथ ही वह जनगणना-आयोजक, प्राकृतिक-आपदा प्रबंधक, भू-राजस्व-वसूलीकर्ता, भूअभिलेख-संधारक, नागरिक खाद्य व रसद आपूर्ति-व्यस्थापक, ई-गतिविधि नियंत्रक, जनसमस्या-निवारणकरता भी है।

कलेक्टर के कर्तव्य और दायित्व निम्नलिखित है:

भूमि मूल्यांकन भूमि अधिग्रहण भूमि राजस्व का संग्रहण, भूमि रिकार्डों का रख-रखाव, भूमि सुधार व जोतों का एकीकरण बकाया आयकर, उत्पाद शुल्क, सिंचाई बकाया को वसूलना कृषि ऋण का वितरण बाढ़, सूखा और महामारी जैसी प्राकृतिक आपदाओं के समय आपदा प्रबंधन बाह्य आक्रमण और दंगों के समय संकट प्रबंधन जिला बैंकर समन्वय समिति का अध्यक्षता जिला योजना केंद्र की अध्यक्षता

जिला मजिस्ट्रेट के कर्तव्य और दायित्व निम्नलिखित हैं-

कानून व्यवस्था की स्थापना पुलिस और जेलों का निरीक्षण करना अधीनस्थ कार्यकारी मजिस्ट्रेटों का निरीक्षण करना अपराध प्रक्रिया संहिता के निवारक खंड से सम्बंधित मुकदमों की सुनवाई करना मृत्यु दंड के कार्यान्वयन को प्रमाणित करना सरकार को वार्षिक अपराध प्रतिवेदन प्रस्तुत करना सभी मसलों से मंडल आयुक्त को अवगत कराना मंडल आयुक्त की अनुपस्थिति में जिला विकास प्राधिकरण के पदेन अध्यक्ष के रूप में कार्य करना मुख्य प्रोटोकोल अधिकारी के कर्तव्य और दायित्व निम्नलिखित होते है-

जनगणना के कार्य को संपन्न कराना रोजमर्रा की जरुरत की वस्तुओं की आपूर्ति और वितरण पर निगरानी रखना स्थानीय जनता की समस्याओं को सुनना और उनके निवारण हेतु आवश्यक कदम उठाना जिले के युवा सरकारी अधिकारियों की गतिविधियों का निरीक्षण करना और उनके प्रशिक्षण की व्यवस्था करना मुख्य विकास अधिकारी के कर्त्तव्य और दायित्व निम्नलिखित होते हैं-

जिले के सभी विकास कार्यक्रमों व योजनाओं को लागू करना लोकतांत्रिक विकेंद्रीकरण की नीति को प्रभाव में लाना जिले में राज्य के मध्यस्थ अधिकारी की भूमिका निभाना निर्वाचन अधिकारी के कर्त्तव्य और दायित्व निम्नलिखित होते हैं-

जिले में सभी तरह के निर्वाचन कार्यों को सम्पन्न कराना जिले में होने वाले चुनावों का नियंत्रण।

Macidonian Invasions on India

*. Alexander was born in 356 B.C.  in Macidonia , a kingdom of Greece. Philip , his father ,was the ruler of Macedon. He received his education from Aristotle , the famous Greek Philosopher . After the death of his father , Alexander ascended the throne at the age of twenty only. Within a few years following the accession , he conquered Egypt , Syria , Asia Minor and Persia.

*. The Alexander's invasion of India is an important event in the history of ancient India. But it created scarcely any impression in Indian mind. The veracity of the statement is established by the fact that the event is not referred to in any branch of ancient India literature. It is only from the Greek sources that we come to know of the events relating to Alexander's invasion in India . The Greek accounts have been corroborated by archaelogical evidences ( especially numismatics evidences). 

*. Political Condition - 
  1. At the time ,there was not any might empire in India and the whole country was divided into several small republics and monarchical states which were constantly fighting with one another . Across the Beas river the strong Magadhan Empire had neither the will or time to intervene in the political changes occuring in the states lying to the west .
  (a). Political Condition in the Trans-Indus States :- There were probably four hill tribes to the west of the Indus , of whom the most powerful were the Assakenos who ruled quite independently.
  (b). Ambhi's Kingdom :- The kingdom of Taxila lay between the river Indus and Jhelum. It was ruled by the Ambhi who was the sworn enemy of his neighbour ruler Porus.
  (c). Porus's Kingdom:- Porus ruled over the territory which lay between the Jhelum and Chenab. He maintained a strong army which fought well against Alexander . 

LAMP Fellowship

The Legislative Assistants to Member of Parliament [ LAMP ] Fellowship is a unique and an exciting opportunity for young Indians to learn law-making and public policy. LAMP fellows are mentored by a Member of Parliament (MP) and work full time with the assigned MP during a given year , starting from the Monsoon session of Parliament till the end of the Budget session. The primary role of a LAMP is to provide extensive research support to his/her MP for their parliamentary work. This includes drafting parliamentary questions for the MP , preparing the MP's speeches for Zero hour debates , raising matters of public importance, drafting private bill etc. When parliament is not in a sesssion , LAMP fellows engage with the policy makers, experts from the different think-tanks , academicians from several leading universities , and leaders from diverse public policy institutions through participations in workshops on important policy and development issues. LAMP fellows also participate in field visits during the inter-session period for a practical exposure to governance at the ground level.LAMP fellows recieve a stipend of Rs. 20,000 per months during the course of the fellowship.
Role of a LAMP -

LAMP fellowship provides an opportunity to be mentored by a MP for a period of 11-12 months , subject to the parliamentary calendar. During this course of the fellowship the fellows will get the opportunity to engage with experts from diverse sectors and understand important policy and development issues of the country.
The fellow's primary task involves providing research support to the MP that she/he is assigned to.
A significant amount of the research a LAMP fellow will undertake will be parliament related , such as input for bills , parliamentary questions , policy discussion and standing committee meetings.
LAMP fellows are also required to the provide background research for the conferences and media events MPs attend in their official capacity. While some MPs may delegate constituency related work to their LAMP fellows , taking up such work is subject to the agreement between the MP and the LAMP fellow.

LAMP fellows research topics as diverse as defence, food safety , environment , economics and foreign affairs.
Research tasks may include-
1. Legislative Research
2. Analysis Data
3. Framing Parliamentary Questions
4. Background Research Parliamentary Debates
5. Research for the Standing Committee Meetings
6. Drafting Private Member Bills
7. Media Related Work
8. Research for constituency-related issues
9. Interacting with Stakeholders

Eligibility of LAMP -

PRS seeks to engage with highly-motivated , bright young people for the LAMP fellowship.
1. Maximum Age- 25 Years
2. Bachelor's Degree
3. Only Indian Citizen

Selection Process- 

1. Shortlisting : The initial shortlisting of the candidates will be done on the basis of their application form and statement of infent and a short essay on a policy or legislative issue.
2. Interview : Shortlisting candidates will be interviewed telephonically or in person.

Each MP in India represents over 2 Millions constituents. The Indian Parliament passes an average of 60 Bills everyyear. MPs make laws and address complex policy issues across a wide range of sectors. Given the diversity of issues and the technical nature of many of them , it is not possible for MPs to be well versed on all such issues . It is in this context that PRS provides MPs analysis on legislation and policy to help them pepare parliamentary debates.

Regards - Ankesh Kumar Maurya 
Visit me - Ankeshkumarmaurya.blogspot.com
Mail me - AnkeshMaurya@collector.org

What is the MHA’s (MInistry of Home Affairs) role in Border Management ?

India has a land border of over 15,000 KMs, which it shores with seven countries ( Pakistan , China, Bangladesh , Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan , and Afghanistan ) . Further it has a coastline of 7,500 KMs.

The MHA is responsible for :

1.      Management of international lands and coastal borders.

2.      Strengthening of Border Guarding

3.      Creation of infrastructure such as roads, fencing, and lighting of borders.

Construction of border outposts is one of the components of infrastructure at border areas. The standing committee on Home Affairs (2017) noted that the proposal to construct 509 outposts along the India-Bangladesh Border and India-Pakistan Border had been reduced to 422 outposts in 2016. It recommended that such a reduction should be reconsidered since 509 outpost distsance to 3.5 KMs , which is important for the security of the country.