Role of District Collector

Administering a district- The district collector is the chief representative of the government in the district. His functions can be broadly organised under two heads : Regulatory and Developmental. Regulatory functions include : Maintenance of law and order, collection of revenue, magisterial responsibilities(criminal) and general functions.

Public security, law and order and preventive action : On the magisterial side, he has first class magisterial powers. The DC is in-charge of law and order in the district which is the basis of the civilized life. Under the police regulations, collector is the head of criminal administration of the district. With the assistance of SP, he/she maintains law and order in the district. He has the power to take action under CrPC and can impose curfew in his district. He also issues/suspends/cancels arms licenses. He also orders for preventive arrest under National Security Act. DM is the head of the jail administration as well as in the district. ADMs and SDMs assist the DM in carrying out these responsbilities. He has to bank upon the Central Police Forces e.g. RAF, CRPF. DM monitors the progress of prosecutions/ acquittals in the district and allows filing of appeal in the criminal cases acquitted by the judicial courts. He coordinates with the District Judge and District SP for the better functioning in the district. He has also to control and supervise the subordinate magistracy. 

To issue orders when there is threat to public peace and order under section 144 of CrPC.

To impose all the petitions received from the government and orders.

To release prisoners on parole.

To inspect the jails.

To submit an annual criminal report to the government.

To grant, suspend or cancel many kinds of licenses like arms, hotel, explosives, petroleum and others.

To enforce Entertainment Tax Act and Press Act.

To call the armed forces to aid and assist the civil administration.

To prosecute offenders under the Factories Act and Trademark Act.

To order disposal of unclaimed property.

To recommend schemes for the development of forests.

Revenue functions- Under land record manual, DC is the custodian of all land in the district.

To collect land revenue.

To collect other government dues.

To distribute and recover taccavi loans.

To maintain land records.

To collect rural statistics.

To implement land reforms.

To look after the welfare of the agriculturists.

To make an assesment of losses of crops and recommend relief during natural calamities like fire, drought and flood.

To supervise the treasury and sub-treasury.

To enforce Stamp Act. 

To pay rehabilitation grant.

To manage government estates.

To hear revenue appeals against the order of lower authorities.

District Planning- Prepare 5 years and annual district plans for the amount allocated to the district by State Planning Board.

Disaster Management- DC chairs the District Disaster Management Committee ( DDMC ). He distributes the relief. He also heads the Civil Defense Organisation in the district.

District Civil Supplies - To monitor Public Distribution System.

District Excise Department- Income from the auction of liquor and other intoxicants' shops is a major source of income to the exchequer of the states. District Excise Officer directly reports to the DM and organises annual auction under his chairmanship.

Fair prices to the agriculutural products- District and Sub-division level.

To save the farmers from distress selling after the harvest, government announces minimum assured prices for major agricultural products.

Food Corporation of India

Entertainment taxation - The District Entertainment Tax Officer reports to the DC. He supervises cinema halls and Disc TV.

Protocol functions- President/ Vice-President/PM/ Governor/ CM 

District Development and Coordination - The Balwantrai Mehta Study Team which in fact gave shape to the concept of panchayati raj envisaged the following role of the collector, " At the district level the DC should be the captain of the team of all developments and should be made fully responsible for securing the necessary coordination and cooperation in the preparation and execution of the district plans for community development. The committee opined that the collector should be responsible for ensuring that : a. The development and welfare schemes are such as would meet the needs of the people. b. Whenever necessary, people's cooperation is secured. c. The time-table for various schemes is adhered to and targets reached in time.

A collector frequently gets involved with the programmes of other departments like the PWD, Irrigation, power, forest, agriculture, health and social welfare.

Conduct of elections - DC is designated as District Election Officer ( DEO ). 

Preparing/updating of electoral roles and holding of free and fair elections in his district.

Returning and Censor Officer - Loksabha, State Legislative Assembly

District Census Officer- Decennial census operations.

Collector as District Magistrate- Collector's control over the police and law and order administration in a district is a part of British legacy.

2 Functions- a. To decide criminal cases b. To maintain law and order ( CrPC and Police Act )

Maintenance of Land Records- The collector is also the 'Land Record Officer'.

Community Development and Welfare Schemes - Women/Children/SCs/STs/PWDs

Need for field visits - In fulfillment of such a multiplicity of responsibilities

a. Meet the people b. Listens to People's suggestions c. Assess the work of officials.

Supervision of the district treasury- The DC is incharge of district treasury. Chief Treasury Officer and other treasury officers work under his supervision and guidance.

The treasuries store not only the cash and revenue stamps but are also engaged in disbursing pensions to retired governments servants, salaries and other benefits to government employess, finances for government schemes/projects/programmes etc.

He is authorised to take action under the Indian Treasury Trove Act when he has to report to the state government the discovery of a treasure, its nature, value etc.

Registration of transactions and stamp duty collection - Property. DC is authorised to notify circle/area rates so that transactions donot take place at lower rate to avoid government tax.

Registrar/Sub-Registrar who support to DC manage all business related to payment of or regultion of stamp tax.

ADM(F&R) assists the DC to ensure strict compliance of government instructions on the subject.

Public Relations and Publicity- The state government posts District Information Officer reporting directly to DC, promote and popularize government's schemes, programmes and priorities.

Residual Functions - Decision- making and high coordination skill.

Mobilise resources.

Tourism promotion.

Campaign for encouraging small savings by public.

Distribution of scholarships to the students belonging to OBC/SC/ST/Handicapped categories.

Oversee District Armory.

Security arrangement for religious processions/ congregation/ fairs/ festivals etc.

Conduct of decadal census.

E-governance in the District - With the advent of Information and Communication Technology( ICT ), E-governance has become an important agendum in all Indian districts. NIC with experts on ICT in every districts.

Varying degree of work has been done in application of technology in management of land records, criminal records etc. (KIOSK)

Summary- To conclude, DC enjoys immense powers to do justice to the poor and needy people, Law&Order, Development etc.

Impact of COVID-19 on Rural Livelihoods

Introduction - In present, the world is fighting with a global pandemic COVID-19. There is no vaccine or medicine to cure this. We can only prevent this by keeping the Social-Distance. It's a communicable virus. To enforce the social-distancing the governments have declared the lockdowns in their respective territories. There are many difficulties facing by people of both rural and urban areas.

Current scenario of rural areas - The Rabi crops stood for harvest in many fields. There are totally unemployment in the whole country for the informal workers. Reverse migration to village is continuing. There are no sources of income. There is huge lack of transportation. Vegetables are rotting. There is much starvation. People don't have money to buy minimum essential commodities for their families. The rates of the farm industries are very low due to lack of sellings. Health problem is another issue for the rural areas. Maximum PHCs and other government health institutions are in very bad conditions. People are totally unemployed and hoping for the financial and nutritional aids from the government.

Solutions to reduce the Problems - We can't totally dwindle the problems of rural areas but we can give them some aids . Government can start the MGNREGA with proper safety. District administration can engage the SHGs in the production of Masks and Sanitizers. When the male members of the family are unemployed then the female members of the family can earn Livelihoods with the Self Help Groups. Government can distribute the relief measures under the Disaster management and provide free ration through PDS. SHGs and ASHA workers can aware the people through IEC materials in rural areas where the literacy rate is low. The another effort towards the nutrition is that MDM and Anganwadi Meals can be provided through home delivery to the Children and Pregnant Mothers to get atleast one meal a day.

Conclusion - Before going to conclusion, It is notable that COVID-19 is a global pandemic and it will be only prevented by social Distancing. There are many difficulties which the rural people are facing. Government has declared many types of aids and supports to them but It will be success when the Implementation will be very fast and in a good manner.

Ankesh Kumar Maurya

Ankesh Kumar Maurya

Leadership Style

The behaviour exhibited by a leader during supervision is known as leadership style. There are three types of leadership style.

1. Autocratic Style - It is also known as authoritarian style of leadership. In this style, the entire authority is concentrated in the hands of the leader and he decides all policies.

Features - 

a. Boss Centered and Authoritarian

b. High Power Distance

c. Employees work hard when the leader is present.

d. New and inexperienced leaders tend to default to an autocratic style.

e. Complete Control on subordinates.

f. One way communication.

Example - In a factory ( because of uneducated workers ), Adolf Hitler also.

2. Democratic Style - It is also known as participative style. In this style, the leader allows to subordinates to participate in the decision making process. All policies and decisions are taken by such group discussions. There is decentralisation of authority and the communication flows freely and is multi-directional.

Features -

a. Take decisions after consultations.

b. Group Centered

c. Encourages participation of subordinates.

d. Provide freedom of thinking.

e. Seek inputs to make decisions.

Example - District Magistrate

3. Laissez- Faire Style ( Delegative Style) - It is also known as free rein of leadership. In this style, the leader gives full freedom to the subordinates in their functions. He allows them to set own goals and achieve them.

Features - 

a. Works best with highly educated and motivated followers.

Example- If you're running a hospital and you've hired all the best surgeons then you will not suggest any surgeons about the surgery.

Summary - 

        

                                  Ankesh Kumar Maurya

Commissionerate System of Police in India

Introduction - The Government shall establish, by notification, a police commissionerate system, for the following areas, namely:― (a) each metropolitan area, as notified by the Government under section 8 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973; (b) each major urban areas with a population of ten lakhs or more; and (c) such other areas as may be notified from time to time.

The Commissionerate can divide into appropriate number of police districts, which should be headed by an officer of the rank of Superintendent of Police, who shall be called as Deputy Commissioner of Police. One or more Additional Deputy Commissioners of Police may assist the Deputy Commissioner of Police, where necessary. The Districts can be further divided into smaller units called Police Sub-Divisions, which will be headed by the officers of the rank of Assistant Commissioner of Police. Each Sub-Division shall consist of appropriate number of police stations, and each of such police stations shall be under the charge of an officer of the rank of Inspector of Police.
Powers, Functions & Duties of the Officers -
 The Commissioner and other officers under him shall exercise such powers, perform such functions and duties and shall have such responsibilities and authority, as prescribed. However, these powers, functions and duties exercised or performed by the Commissioner of Police shall be subject to the overall control and direction of the Director General of Police. A Financial Advisor and one or more Legal Advisors shall be appointed to aid and assist the Commissioner of Police on financial and legal matters respectively
Magisterial Powers of the Police Commissioner -
Subject to such conditions and limitations as may be specified, the Commissioner of Police shall exercise the powers and duties of a District Magistrate under provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, and such other Acts, as may be specified. Any officer, not below the rank of Assistant Commissioner of Police, can exercise the powers and duties of an Executive Magistrate under the provisions of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, as may be specified, under the overall control and supervision of the Commissioner of Police.
Powers and Functions of Commissioner of Police -
 The Commissioner of Police will be empowered to make rules and regulations in consistent with the respective Police Act and subject to the Government Order in respect of the following:
(a) For regulation the use of public roads, streets and public places by persons walking, driving, cycling, or accompanying animals, and for parking of vehicles including bicycles, with a view to ensuring smooth and orderly movement of traffic;
 b) Licensing, regulating, or if necessary in public interest, prohibiting for reasons to be recorded in writing, the keeping of a place of public amusement or public entertainment, or running cinemas and other forms of public amusement or public entertainment, for ensuring the safety and well-being of persons likely to be affected;
 (c) Licensing, or regulating or, if necessary in public interest, prohibiting the playing of music in public streets or public places, and using of loud speaker any other sound system in any public place, or places of public entertainment; and
 (d) Regulating the entry or exit at any place of public amusement, public entertainment, or at any public meeting or assembly, and providing for the maintenance of public peace and prevention of disturbance at such places.

* Differences between the dual system of control and the commissionerate system

Dual system

Commissionerate system (53 cities)

·   Dual command structure over the district police means that control and direction over the police vests with the SP (head of district police) and the District Magistrate (executive). ·   Separation of powers of the DM (e.g., issues arrest warrants and licenses) and the police (e.g., investigate crimes and make arrests).  Therefore, less concentration of power in the police, and accountability to DM at the district level. ·   SP is assisted by Additional/Assistant/ Deputy SPs, Inspectors and constabulary.

·   Unified command structure with the Commissioner of Police (rank of the Deputy Inspector General or above) as the sole head of the force within the city.  Allows for quicker responses to law and order situations. ·   Powers of policing and magistracy concentrated in Commissioner.  Directly accountable to state government and state police chief.  Lesser accountability to the local administration. ·   Commissioner is assisted by Special/ Joint/ Additional/ Deputy Commissioners, etc.  Inspector downwards rank structure is the same.

Pratītyasamutpāda (Sanskrit: प्रतीत्यसमुत्पाद)(Pali: पटिच्चसमुप्पाद)

*Known as Dependent Origination.
*Doctrine of Central Teachings of Lord Buddha
*Pratitya+Samutpada = Pratityasamutpada
*Pratitya = Getting
*Samutpada = Arising
* It means the production of an effect out of a complement of cause and condition.
* Nothing is Spontaneous.
*Everything that happens in the mental or physical world is dependent on something.
*The existence of everything is conditional,dependent on some cause.
* ASMIN SATI , IDAM BHAVATI
* Depending on the cause , the effect arises
* Pratityasamutpada = Middle Path of Saswatvada(Principle of Eternity) and Uchedavada(Principle of Annihilation)
*A/Saswatavada- Somethings are eternal. They have no beggining or end. They are uncaused and do not depend on anything else.
*A/Uchedavad- Nothing remains after the destruction of things.
*The origin of a thing is owing to another.
*Nothing is Unconditional.
*The existence of everything depends on some condition.
* In 2nd Noble Truth ( Cause of Suffering or Dukkha Samudaya)
* Bhava is the cause of the life after death.
* 12 links in the chain of causation or casual wheel of dependent origination.
* 12 Sources( Dvadasa Nidana).
*The 12 links of Interdependent Origination are believed to be the Mechanism by which rebirth occur and the  cycle of Samsara is continued. It is through extinction of Ignorance through Prajna(Wisdom) that the 12 links of Interdependent Origination are extinguished.

CAUSE = EFFECT.

UPSC CSE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OPTIONAL

            

                                               PAPER-I 

                                              Administration Theory

 1. Introduction : Meaning, scope and significance of Public Administration, Wilson’s vision of Public Administration, Evolution of the discipline and its present status. New Public Administration, Public Choice approach; Challenges of liberalization, Privatisation, Globalisation; Good Governance: concept and application; New Public Management.]

 2. Administrative Thought : Scientific Management and Scientific Management movement; Classical Theory; Weber’s bureaucratic model its critique and post-Weberian Developments; Dynamic Administration (Mary Parker Follett); Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and others); Functions of the Executive (C.I. Barnard); Simon’s decision-making theory; Participative Management (R. Likert, C. Argyris, D. McGregor.)

 3. Administrative Behaviour : Process and techniques of decision-making; Communication; Morale; Motivation Theories content, process and contemporary; Theories of Leadership: Traditional and Modem:

 4. Organisations : Theories systems, contingency; Structure and forms: Ministries and Departments, Corporations, Companies; Boards and Commissions; Ad hoc, and advisory bodies; Headquarters and Field relationships; Regulatory Authorities; Public-Private Partnerships. 

5. Accountability and Control : Concepts of accountability and control; Legislative, Executive and judicial control over administration; Citizen and Administration; Role of media, interest groups, voluntary organizations; Civil society; Citizen’s Charters; Right to Information; Social audit.

 6. Administrative Law : Meaning, scope and significance; Dicey on Administrative law; Delegated legislation; Administrative Tribunals.

 7. Comparative Public Administration : Historical and sociological factors affecting administrative systems; Administration and politics in different countries; Current status of Comparative Public Administration; Ecology and administration; Riggsian models and their critique.

 8. Development Dynamics : Concept of development; Changing profile of development administration; ‘Anti-development thesis’; Bureaucracy and development; Strong state versus the market debate; Impact of liberalisation on administration in developing countries; Women and development the self-help group movement.

 9. Personnel Administration : Importance of human resource development; Recruitment, training, career advancement, position classification, discipline, performance appraisal, promotion, pray and service conditions; employer-employee relations, grievance redressal mechanism; Code of conduct; Administrative ethics.

 10. Public Policy : Models of policy-making and their critique; Processes of conceptualisation, planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and review and their limitations; State theories and public policy formulation. 

11. Techniques of Adminstrative Improvement : Organisation and methods, Work study and work management; e-governance and information technology; Management aid tools like network analysis, MIS, PERT, CPM.

 12. Financial Administration :Monetary and fiscal policies: Public borrowings and public debt Budgets types and forms; Budgetary process; Financial accountability; Accounts and audit.

                                                               PAPER-II

                                                       Indian Administration            

                                                                 

1. Evolution of Indian Administration : Kautilya Arthashastra; Mughal administration; Legacy of British rule in politics and administration Indianization of Public services, revenue administration, district Administration, local self Government. 

 2. Philosophical and Constitutional framework of Government : Salient features and value premises; Constitutionalism; Political culture; Bureaucracy and democracy; Bureaucracy and development.
 3. Public Sector Undertakings : Public sector in modern India; Forms of Public Sector Undertakings; Problems of autonomy, accountability and control; Impact of liberalization and privatization.
 4. Union Government and Administration : Executive, Parliament, Judiciary-structure, functions, work processes; Recent trends; Intra-governmental relations; Cabinet Secretariat; Prime Minister’s Office; Central Secretariat; Ministries and Departments; Boards; Commissions; Attached offices; Field organizations.
 5. Plans and Priorities : Machinery of planning; Role, composition and functions of the Planning Commission and the National Development Council; ‘Indicative’ planning; Process of plan formulation at Union and State levels; Constitutional Amendments (1992) and decentralized planning for economic development and social justice.
 6. State Government and Administration : Union-State administrative, legislative and financial relations; Role of the Finance Commission; Governor; Chief Minister; Council of Ministers; Chief Secretary; State Secretariat; Directorates.
 7. District Administration since Independence : Changing role of the Collector; Union-State-local relations; Imperatives of development management and law and order administration; District administration and democratic decentralization.
 8. Civil Services : Constitutional position; Structure, recruitment, training and capacity building; Good governance initiatives; Code of conduct and discipline; Staff associations; Political rights; Grievance redressal mechanism; Civil service neutrality; Civil service activism.
9. Financial Management : Budget as a political instrument; Parliamentary control of public expenditure; Role of finance ministry in monetary and fiscal area; Accounting techniques; Audit; Role of Controller General of Accounts and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
10. Administrative Reforms since Independence : Major concerns; Important Committees and Commissions; Reforms in financial management and human resource development; Problems of implementation.
 11. Rural Development : Institutions and agencies since Independence; Rural development programmes: foci and strategies; Decentralization and Panchayati Raj; 73rd Constitutional amendment.
12. Urban Local Government : Municipal governance: main features, structures, finance and problem areas; 74th Constitutional Amendment; Global-local debate; New localism; Development dynamics, politics and administration with special reference to city management.
 13. Law and Order Administration: British legacy; National Police Commission; Investigative agencies; Role of Central and State Agencies including para military forces in maintenance of law and order and countering insurgency and terrorism; Criminalisation of politics and administration; Police-public relations; Reforms in Police.
 14. Significant issues in Indian Administration: Values in public service; Regulatory Commissions; National Human Rights Commission; Problems of administration in coalition regimes; Citizen administration interface; Corruption and administration; Disaster management.