Syadavada

                                      Syadavada

. It is Known as " Saptabhanginaya " or the seven forms of judgements.
. It expresses that knowledge on any object is relative and conditional in character .
. Syadavada = Dialectic of the seven steps.
. All the seven judgements of Syadavada together explain the complex nature of objects , known as  Anekantvada.
.Syadavada is derived from the word 'SYAT' . SYAT stands for " MAY Be " , "Perhaps" .
. This doctrine enunciates the synthetic view of reality.
. All these seven fold Judgements are emphasizing that our judgements on an object are relative in nature or character because they are based on our partial knowledge .
. Thus , instead of saying " The Grass is green ". We should say " Relatively speaking the grass is green. "
. 7 Fold Judgements -
i. Syat Asti ( Relatively a thing is real )
  e.g. - If it is said that Elephant is like a pillar , It would mean that elephant and pillars are like a special country , time and circumstances . There is No doubt in it .
ii. Syat Nasti ( Relatively a thing is unreal )
  e.g. - Elephant is not in this room .
iii. Syat asti ca nasti ( Relatively both real and unreal )
   e.g. - Elephant may or may not be similar to pillar.
iv. Syat Avaktavyam ( Relatively Indescribable )
   e.g. - Elephant may be as a pillar or as a rope or others.
v. Syat asti ca avaktavyam ( Relatively real & indescribable )
   e.g. - Elephant may be as rope but ambiguous .
vi. Syat nasti ca avaktavyam ( Relatively unreal and indescribable )
   e.g. - Elephant is not as a rope and we also don't know real.
vii. Syat asti ca nasti ca avaktavyam ( Relatively real ,unreal & indescribable )
   e.g. - Elephant may be or not as rope and we also don't know about real.

Syllabus of AIHC & Arch. of BA(Hons.) in BHU , Ist Semester

                                                                 AIHC&Arch.
                                    Political History of India From 600 BC to 750 AD

1. 600 BC to 300 AD

i. Political condition of India from 6th century BC to 4th century  BC
ii. Rise of Magadha Empire ( Haryanka to Nanda Empire )
iii. Achaemenion Invasion of India
iv. Alexander's Invasion of India
v. Maurya Dynasty - Origin , Chandragupta , Ashoka , Decline
vi. Sunga - Kanva
vii. Satavahana
viii. Cedi
ix. Greeks
x. Saka and Pahlava
xi. Kushana


2. 300 AD to 750 AD

i. Beginning of the Gupta Power
ii. Samudragupta
iii. Chandragupta II
iv. Kumar Gupta & Skandgupta
v. Vakataka Dynasty
vi. Vindhyashakti , Pravarsena I , Rudrasena I , Prithvisena I , Rudrasena II
vii . Later Guptas
viii. Maukharis
ix. Pushyabhuti Dynasty
x . Yasovarman
xi. Karkota Dynasty
xii . Political History of Sindh

                                                                         

                                       

Persian Invasion of India [ 550-515 BC]

1. The founder of the Achaemenid Empire in Persia, Cyrus, led some campaigns to the east of Iran between 558 and 530 BC . In course of these campaigns he invaded the Indian Borderland. He captured the Gandhara region.
2. In the reign of Darius I [522-486 BC] the Persian made some real advance in India. He invaded India and occupied the territories in the North-Western frontier Province , Sindh And Punjab in 516 BC. These parts remained with the Iranian Empire till Alexander's invasion of India .
3. The Bahistan Inscription mentions Gandhara as a province of his empire which Darius inherited from Cyrus .

*. The statement of Herodotus :-
  According to him , Gandhara form the 20th satrapy of the empire of Darius paying a tribute of 360 talents of Gold dust ( This gold was probably collected from the beds of the upper INdus and from the gold mines of Dardistan ). It was the most fertile and populous province of the Achaemenion empire .
*. The extent of Darius Empire in India :-
The extent of the Persian Empire in India under Darius was not merely confined to Gandhara alone but extended further towards the Indus as well. The Persian empire in India reached it forthest limit under Darius . The extent of the Indian dominion of Darius included the territories inherited from his predecessors and these who conquered in India . The territories of West Punjab and Lower Indus Valley were under Persian rulers .
*. Persian domination over India under Xeraxes and his successors:-
Xeraxes , the successor of Darius kept his flag flying over the Indian Kingdom which he had inherited from Darius , but he failed to make any forward movement in India due to his commitments in over India under Greece.
*. The downfall of Persian Empire :-
The defeat sufferd by Xeraxes in Greece led to decline of Persian power in india . However , the Achaemenid rule over India continued up to 330 BC . In that year Darius III , the last of the Achaemenid ruler summoned Indian troops to fight against Alexander the Great , the Persian hold over India was lost .

                                                                                                  Your Sincerely
                                                                                          Ankesh Kumar Maurya
                                                                                          B.A.( Hons.) AIHC & Arch.
                                                                                                           BHU


                                       

Causes for the rise of Magadha Empire

1. Geographical Factors : -

*. Magadha was located on the upper and lower parts of the Gangetic valley .
*. It was located on the main land route between west and east India.
*. The area had fertile soil. It also received enough rainfall.
*. Magadha was encircled by rivers on three sides , the Ganga , the Son and the Champa making the region impregnable to enemies .
*. Both Rajgir and Pataliputra were located in strategic positions.
2. Economic Factors :-

*. Magadha had huge copper and iron deposits .
*. Because of its location , it could easily control trade .
*. Had a large population which could be used for agriculture , mining , building cities and in the army.
*. General prosperity of the people and the rulers.
*. The Mastery over Ganga meant economic hagemony .
*. Champa was important in trade South-Eastern Asia , Srilanka and south India .
3. Political Factors :-

*. Magadha was lucky to have many powerful and Ambitious rulers .
*. They had strong standing armies .
*. They were also the first kings to use elephants in the army .
*. The major kings also developed a good administrative system .
                                                                                 
                                                                 

                                                                            

Why Alexander Invaded on India ?

1. Alexander the Great decided to launch an invasion of India after inflicting the finishing blow on Emperor Darius III of Persia .
2. Alexander had conquered all the provinces of the Persian empire except the Indian satrapy of the Persian emperor . The Easy conquest of Persia and plunder of Persian wealth and treasures increased the desire of Alexander to invade India .
3. Alexander had conquered all the provinces of the Persian empire except the India satrapy of the Persian emperor. The easy conquest of Persia and plunder of Persian wealth and treasures increased the desire of Alexander to invade India.
4. The Indian satrapy paid to the persian emperor a tribute of 360 talents of gold dust. Alexander was attracted by the wealth and prosperity of India.
5. The Indian soldiers who fought under Xerxes in Greece had awakened great interest among Greeks about India. Curiosity , love of adventure and passion for conquest inspired Alexander to march to march to India .
6. An embassy from the king had sought Alexander's help against the neighbouring king Porus. Alexander became aware of internal rivalry among the indian rulers.
7. Alexander wanted to exceed the heroism shown by the mythetical heroes like Heracles.
8. The Geographers in Greek were puzzled for a long time about the extent of the Ocean. One of the objects of Alexander's campaign in India was to Solve the problem  by fixing the extent of ocean.


                                                                                       

                                                                            

Ankesh Kumar Maurya

Important points related to Magadha Empire

मगध प्राचीन भारत के 16 महाजनपदों में से एक था. आधुनिक पटना और गया जिले इसमें शामिल थे. अभी इस नाम से बिहार में एक मंडल है- मगध मंडल. मगध का सर्वप्रथम उल्लेख अथर्व वेद में मिलता है. मगध बुद्धकालीन समय में एक शक्‍तिशाली राजतन्त्रों में एक था. यह दक्षिणी बिहार में स्थित था जो बाद में उत्तर भारत का सर्वाधिक शक्‍तिशाली महाजनपद बन गया. मगध महाजनपद की सीमा उत्तर में गंगा से दक्षिण में विंध्‍य पर्वत तक, पूर्व में चम्पा से पश्‍चिम में सोन नदी तक विस्तृत थी.

मगध राज्‍य से जुड़े महत्‍वपूर्ण तथ्‍य:

(1) मगध के सबसे प्राचीन वंश के संस्‍थापक बृहद्रथ थे.

(2) मगध की राजधानी गिरिब्रज (राजगृह) थी.

(3) मगध की गद्दी पर बिम्बिसार 545 ई. पू. में बैठा था.

(4) बिम्बिसार हर्यक वंश का संस्‍थापक था.

(5) बिम्बिसार ने ब्रह्मादत्त को हराकर अंग राज्‍य मगध में मिला लिया.

(6) बिम्बिसार बौद्ध धर्म का अनुयायी था.

(7) बिम्बिसार ने राजगृह का निर्माण कर उसे अपनी राजधानी बनाया.

(8) बिम्बिसार ने मगध पर करीब 52 सालों तक राज्‍य किया.

(9) महात्‍मा बुद्ध की सेवा में बिम्बिसार ने राजवैद्य जीवक को भेजा. अवन्ति के राजा प्रद्योत जब पाण्‍डु रोग से ग्रसित थे उस समय भी बिम्बिसार ने जीवक को उनकी सेवा सुश्रुषा के लिए भेजा था.

(10) बिम्बिसार ने वैवाहिक संबंध स्‍थापित कर अपने साम्राज्‍य का विस्‍तार किया. इसने कोशल नरेश प्रसेनजित की बहन महाकोशला से, वैशाली के चेटक की पुत्री चेल्‍लना से और मद्र देश (आधुनिक पंजाब) की राजकुमारी क्षेमा से शादी की.

(11) बिम्बिसार की हत्‍या उसके पुत्र अजातशत्रु ने कर दी और वह 493 ई. पू. में मगध की गद्दी पर बैठा.

(12) अजातशत्रु का उपनाम कुणिक था.

(13) अजातशत्रु ने 32 सालों तक मगध पर शासन किया.

(14) अजातशत्रु शुरुआत में जैन धर्म का अनुयायी था.

(15) अजातशत्रु के सुयोग्‍य मंत्री का नाम वर्षकार था. इसी की सहायता से अजातशत्रु ने वैशाली पर विजय प्राप्‍त की.

(16) अजातशत्रु की हत्‍या उसके बेटे उदायिन ने 461 ई. पू.  में कर दी और वह मगध की गद्दी पर बैठा.

(17) उदायिन ने पाटलिग्राम की स्‍थापना की.

(18) उदायिन भी जैन धर्म का अनुयायी था.

(19) हर्यक वंश का अंतिम राजा उदायिन का बेटा नागदशक था.

(20) नागदशक को उसके अमात्‍य शिशुनाग ने 412 ई. पू. में अपदस्‍थ करके मगध पर शिशुनाथ वंश की स्‍थापना की.

(21) शिशुनाथ ने अपनी राजधानी पाटलिपुत्र से हटाकर वैशाली में स्‍थापित की.

(22) शिशुनाथ का उत्तराधिकारी कालशोक फिर से राजधानी को पाटलिपुत्र ले गया.

(23) शिशुनाथ वंश का अंतिम राजा नंदिवर्धन था.

(24) नंदवंश का संस्‍थापक महापदम नंद था.

(25) नंदवंश का अंतिम शासक घनानंद था. यह सिकंदर का समकालीन था. इसे चंद्रगुप्‍त मौर्य ने युद्ध में पराजित किया और मगध पर एक नए वंश मौर्य वंश की स्‍थापना की.